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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Primary Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in Patients with a Biconcave Glenoid

Mizuno, Walch·J Bone Joint Surg Am·2013·407 citations·Shoulder & Elbow
DOI·PubMed
SummaryAbstract on PubMed →

Primary osteoarthritis with a Walch B2 (biconcave) glenoid is hard to treat because the humeral head is statically subluxated posteriorly and the glenoid is eroded. Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty in this setting has high rates of loosening and instability. This retrospective series asks whether reverse arthroplasty, despite an intact rotator cuff, can solve both problems in older patients.

Study Snapshot

Design
Retrospective case series
Setting: Single center, Lyon, France
Funding: None
Objective
Whether reverse arthroplasty in primary OA with a biconcave glenoid gives predictable function with low complications
Outcome(s)
Constant score and shoulder range of motion at latest follow-up
Subjects
27 shoulders in 27 patients
  • 17Reverse arthroplasty without bone graft
  • 10Reverse arthroplasty with posterior glenoid bone graft
Inclusion
  • Primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis
  • Biconcave (B2) glenoid
  • Minimum 24-month follow-up
Exclusion
  • Cuff tear arthropathy or two-tendon cuff tear
  • Posttraumatic or inflammatory arthritis, osteonecrosis
  • Previous shoulder replacement
Follow-up
Mean 54 months (24 to 139)
Statistics
Paired t testsSpearman correlationKruskal-Wallis test

Key Findings

  • The Constant score rose from 31 to 76 points (p < 0.0001), with significant gains in forward elevation (89° to 152°) and external rotation (3° to 27°). Function matched or beat reverse arthroplasty done for cuff tear arthropathy.
  • There was no recurrence of posterior instability in any of the 27 shoulders. The authors credit the semiconstrained reverse design for preventing the posterior re-subluxation that plagues anatomic TSA in B2 glenoids.
  • These were severely deformed shoulders: mean humeral head subluxation was 87% (up to 120%) and mean neoglenoid retroversion was 36°. This matters because anatomic TSA fails at high rates above the 80% subluxation and 27° retroversion thresholds.
  • The complication rate was 15% (4 of 27), driven by nerve palsies (3 patients, 11%) rather than implant problems. Two palsies were transient, one ulnar palsy was permanent.
  • Only 1 glenoid loosening occurred, and it was a technical error: the central peg was not anchored in native scapular bone over a structural iliac crest graft. It failed at 4 months and was revised to hemiarthroplasty.
  • There were no radiolucent lines around the glenoid baseplate peg or screws in any shoulder, supporting the argument that screw fixation outperforms a cemented polyethylene glenoid here.
  • Scapular notching was 37%, all Grade 1 or 2, lower than the 49% to 76% reported in cuff tear arthropathy series.
Board PearlIn older patients with a B2 biconcave glenoid and intact cuff, reverse arthroplasty fixes both posterior instability and glenoid erosion where anatomic TSA fails.

Clinical Relevance

When you see primary OA with a biconcave (Walch B2) glenoid, remember why it is a trap: the humeral head sits posteriorly subluxated and the posterior glenoid is eroded, so an anatomic glenoid component rocks loose and re-dislocates.

The numbers to know are the anatomic-TSA failure thresholds: about 44% loosening/instability risk when neoglenoid retroversion is 27° or more, and about 11% instability when subluxation is 80% or more. This paper's argument is mechanical. A semiconstrained reverse implant removes the need to perfectly recenter the head, so it fixes instability and erosion in one operation.

Apply this selectively. The cohort was old (mean 74) and mostly female, and reverse for an intact cuff is off-label, so this is not a young-patient solution. One technical pearl worth carrying: when grafting a posterior defect, anchor the baseplate central peg in native scapular bone, not just in the graft. The only loosening in the series broke this rule.

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|

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Primary Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in Patients with a Biconcave Glenoid

Mizuno, Walch·J Bone Joint Surg Am·2013·407 citations·Shoulder & Elbow
DOI·PubMed
SummaryAbstract on PubMed →

Primary osteoarthritis with a Walch B2 (biconcave) glenoid is hard to treat because the humeral head is statically subluxated posteriorly and the glenoid is eroded. Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty in this setting has high rates of loosening and instability. This retrospective series asks whether reverse arthroplasty, despite an intact rotator cuff, can solve both problems in older patients.

Study Snapshot

Design
Retrospective case series
Setting: Single center, Lyon, France
Funding: None
Objective
Whether reverse arthroplasty in primary OA with a biconcave glenoid gives predictable function with low complications
Outcome(s)
Constant score and shoulder range of motion at latest follow-up
Subjects
27 shoulders in 27 patients
  • 17Reverse arthroplasty without bone graft
  • 10Reverse arthroplasty with posterior glenoid bone graft
Inclusion
  • Primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis
  • Biconcave (B2) glenoid
  • Minimum 24-month follow-up
Exclusion
  • Cuff tear arthropathy or two-tendon cuff tear
  • Posttraumatic or inflammatory arthritis, osteonecrosis
  • Previous shoulder replacement
Follow-up
Mean 54 months (24 to 139)
Statistics
Paired t testsSpearman correlationKruskal-Wallis test

Key Findings

  • The Constant score rose from 31 to 76 points (p < 0.0001), with significant gains in forward elevation (89° to 152°) and external rotation (3° to 27°). Function matched or beat reverse arthroplasty done for cuff tear arthropathy.
  • There was no recurrence of posterior instability in any of the 27 shoulders. The authors credit the semiconstrained reverse design for preventing the posterior re-subluxation that plagues anatomic TSA in B2 glenoids.
  • These were severely deformed shoulders: mean humeral head subluxation was 87% (up to 120%) and mean neoglenoid retroversion was 36°. This matters because anatomic TSA fails at high rates above the 80% subluxation and 27° retroversion thresholds.
  • The complication rate was 15% (4 of 27), driven by nerve palsies (3 patients, 11%) rather than implant problems. Two palsies were transient, one ulnar palsy was permanent.
  • Only 1 glenoid loosening occurred, and it was a technical error: the central peg was not anchored in native scapular bone over a structural iliac crest graft. It failed at 4 months and was revised to hemiarthroplasty.
  • There were no radiolucent lines around the glenoid baseplate peg or screws in any shoulder, supporting the argument that screw fixation outperforms a cemented polyethylene glenoid here.
  • Scapular notching was 37%, all Grade 1 or 2, lower than the 49% to 76% reported in cuff tear arthropathy series.
Board PearlIn older patients with a B2 biconcave glenoid and intact cuff, reverse arthroplasty fixes both posterior instability and glenoid erosion where anatomic TSA fails.

Clinical Relevance

When you see primary OA with a biconcave (Walch B2) glenoid, remember why it is a trap: the humeral head sits posteriorly subluxated and the posterior glenoid is eroded, so an anatomic glenoid component rocks loose and re-dislocates.

The numbers to know are the anatomic-TSA failure thresholds: about 44% loosening/instability risk when neoglenoid retroversion is 27° or more, and about 11% instability when subluxation is 80% or more. This paper's argument is mechanical. A semiconstrained reverse implant removes the need to perfectly recenter the head, so it fixes instability and erosion in one operation.

Apply this selectively. The cohort was old (mean 74) and mostly female, and reverse for an intact cuff is off-label, so this is not a young-patient solution. One technical pearl worth carrying: when grafting a posterior defect, anchor the baseplate central peg in native scapular bone, not just in the graft. The only loosening in the series broke this rule.

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