Cadaveric study of 20 shoulders testing which glenohumeral ligaments resist external rotation when the arm is positioned to simulate the late-cocking phase of throwing. Each specimen underwent sequential single-ligament sectioning with external rotation torque applied under controlled conditions.
When an overhead throwing athlete presents with increased external rotation of the abducted dominant arm, a positive sulcus sign, or articular-surface rotator cuff pathology, recognize that the entire IGHL and coracohumeral ligament — not just the anterior band — are the primary structures at risk from repetitive late-cocking stress; surgical capsular reconstruction and rehabilitation should prioritize restoring tension in both of these structures.
Cadaveric study of 20 shoulders testing which glenohumeral ligaments resist external rotation when the arm is positioned to simulate the late-cocking phase of throwing. Each specimen underwent sequential single-ligament sectioning with external rotation torque applied under controlled conditions.
When an overhead throwing athlete presents with increased external rotation of the abducted dominant arm, a positive sulcus sign, or articular-surface rotator cuff pathology, recognize that the entire IGHL and coracohumeral ligament — not just the anterior band — are the primary structures at risk from repetitive late-cocking stress; surgical capsular reconstruction and rehabilitation should prioritize restoring tension in both of these structures.