Cross-sectional study of 60 high school and collegiate baseball players comparing shoulder and elbow ROM between 30 UCL-injured players and 30 age-, position-, and activity-matched healthy controls. The study asks which ROM deficits — GIRD, total rotational motion, horizontal adduction, or elbow extension — are actually associated with a confirmed UCL tear.
When you screen a baseball player for possible UCL injury, measure total rotational motion bilaterally — a throwing-side TRM deficit flags UCL pathology where GIRD alone will not, since GIRD is present equally in healthy and injured throwers.
In pitchers specifically, reduced dominant shoulder ER (not just IR loss) may be the key driver of TRM deficit and a sign of adaptive neuromuscular changes protecting an injured UCL.
Cross-sectional study of 60 high school and collegiate baseball players comparing shoulder and elbow ROM between 30 UCL-injured players and 30 age-, position-, and activity-matched healthy controls. The study asks which ROM deficits — GIRD, total rotational motion, horizontal adduction, or elbow extension — are actually associated with a confirmed UCL tear.
When you screen a baseball player for possible UCL injury, measure total rotational motion bilaterally — a throwing-side TRM deficit flags UCL pathology where GIRD alone will not, since GIRD is present equally in healthy and injured throwers.
In pitchers specifically, reduced dominant shoulder ER (not just IR loss) may be the key driver of TRM deficit and a sign of adaptive neuromuscular changes protecting an injured UCL.