This narrative review covers the epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentation, imaging evaluation, and full treatment spectrum — nonsurgical and surgical — of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis, synthesizing the evidence to guide management decisions based on grade, symptoms, and patient-specific factors.
This narrative review covers the epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentation, imaging evaluation, and full treatment spectrum — nonsurgical and surgical — of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis, synthesizing the evidence to guide management decisions based on grade, symptoms, and patient-specific factors.